User:SA 13 Bro/sandbox

From TestWiki
< User:SA 13 Bro
Revision as of 15:47, 19 September 2018 by SA 13 Bro (talk | contribs)

Template:Infobox religious biography

Nichiren (日蓮; 16 February 1222[1][2] – 13 October 1282) was a Japanese Buddhist priest who lived during the Kamakura period (1185–1333). He founded what is today considered Nichiren Buddhism, a distinct school of Buddhism.[3][4][5]

Nichiren has been described as the most famous and controversial preacher of the Lotus Sutra in its long history in Japan.[6] Nichiren is known for his beliefs that the Lotus Sutra contains the highest truth of Buddhist teachings and represents the effective teaching for the Third Age of Buddhism. He held that social and political peace are dependent on the quality of belief systems upheld in a nation, religious practice can be reduced to the recitation of the Sutra's title, the historical Gautama Buddha was a manifestation of an eternal and all-pervading Buddha-nature, the existence and manifestation of such Buddha-nature is equally accessible to all, and those who embrace the Sutra must propagate it regardless of persecution.[7][8][9][10][11][12]

Nichiren was a prolific writer and his writings provide much of what is known about his biography, temperament, and the evolution of his thinking.[13][14] At first he advocated a return to the Lotus Sutra exclusiveness of the original Tendai teachings. In a 1260 treatise entitled Establishment of Righteousness for the Peace of Nation (Rissho Ankoku Ron) he argues that a nation that embraces the Lotus Sutra will experience peace and prosperity whereas rulers who support inferior teachings invite disorder and natural disasters.[6]Template:Rp[15] In a 1264 essay he argued that the title of the Lotus Sutra, Nam-myoho-renge-kyo, encompasses all Buddhist teachings and its recitation leads to enlightenment.[7]Template:Rp From experiencing severe persecution that resulted propagating his teachings, he began to see himself fulfilling the prophecies of the Lotus Sutra and identified himself with bodhisattvas Sadāparibhūta and Visistacaritra in the sutra.[6]Template:Rp

His interpretation of the Lotus Sutra centers on the emphasis of its 16th chapter, The Life Span of the Thus Come One, from which he declares the chanting of Nam Myōhō Renge Kyō as the superior and correct practice for Mappō or the Latter Day of the Law.Template:Needs citation

Nichiren strongly advocated the chanting of Nam Myōhō Renge Kyō by attributing the natural and social calamities of his time to the inability of Pure Land, Zen, Shingon, Risshū, and Tendai schools to supernaturally protect Japan. His claims drew much anger from these sects followers and influential religious figures of the time such as Ryokan of the Shingon sect. Nichiren eventually gained the attention of Japan's ruling Hōjō clan when his two Lotus Sutra-based predictions of foreign invasion and political strife were seemingly actualized by the Mongol invasions of Japan and an attempted coup within the Hōjō clan.

The religious remonstration in which he made the predictions Risshō Ankoku Ron (Template:Nihongo) (On Establishing the Correct Teaching for the Security of the Land) is considered by Japanese historians to be a literary classic illustrating the apprehensions of that period. In 1358 he was bestowed the title Nichiren Bosatsu (Template:Nihongo) (Great Bodhisattva Nichiren) by Emperor Go-Kōgan[16] and in 1922 the title Risshō Daishi (Template:Nihongo) (Great Teacher of Rectification) was conferred posthumously by imperial edict.[17]

While all Nichiren Buddhist schools regard him as a Visistacaritra or Jōgyō (Template:Nihongo) (Bodhisattva Superior Practices), the Fuji branch of the Nikko-lineage eventually proclaimed Nichiren as the Adi-Buddha (本仏: Honbutsu) from infinite aeons ago, addressing him as the "True Buddha" of the "Latter Day of the Law" as taught in the Three Ages of Buddhism.[18][19][20]

Today, Nichiren Buddhism includes traditional schools such as the Nichiren-shū confederation of schools and Nichiren Shōshū, and modern lay movements such Kenshōkai, Shōshinkai, Risshō Kōsei Kai, Honmon Butsuryū-shū, Kempon Hokke, and Soka Gakkai, various others each claiming their own interpretations of Nichiren's teachings.[12]

Early life

Template:Buddhism Template:JapaneseBuddhism

Birth

According to the lunar Chinese calendar, Nichiren was born on 27th of the first month in 1222, which is 16 February in the Gregorian calendar.[21]

Nichiren was born in the village of Kominato (today part of the city of Kamogawa), Nagase District, Awa Province (within present-day Chiba Prefecture). Nichiren's father, a fisherman, was Mikuni-no-Tayu Shigetada, also known as Nukina Shigetada Jiro (d. 1258) and his mother was Umegiku-nyo (d. 1267). On his birth, his parents named him Template:Nihongo which has variously been translated into English as "Splendid Sun" and "Virtuous Sun Boy" among others.[22] The exact site of Nichiren's birth is believed to be submerged off the shore from present-day Kominato-zan Tanjō-ji (小湊山　誕生寺), a temple in Kominato that commemorates Nichiren's birth.

Nichiren stated that he was "the son of a chandala family who lived near the sea in Tojo in Awa Province, in the remote countryside of the eastern part of Japan".[23]

Buddhist education

In a letter dated the 6th day of the 9th month of the Kōan Era (1271), Nichiren writes to a disciple, looking back on his life:

[D]etermined to plant a seed of Buddhahood and attain Buddhahood in this life, just as all other people, I relied on Amida Buddha and chanted the name of this Buddha since childhood. However, I began doubting this practice, making a vow to study all the Buddhist sutras, commentaries on them by disciples, and explanatory notes by others[.][24]

Nichiren began his Buddhist study at a nearby temple of the Tendai school, Seichō-ji (清澄寺, also called Kiyosumi-dera), at twelve years old.[25] He was formally ordained at sixteen years old and took the Buddhist name Template:Nihongo where Renchō means "Lotus Growth". He left Seichō-ji shortly thereafter to study in Kamakura and several years later traveled to western Japan for more in-depth study in the Kyoto and Nara area, where Japan's major centers of Buddhist learning were located.[26][27] In 1233 he went to Kamakura, where he studied Pure Land Buddhism, a pious school that stressed salvation through nianfo (Japanese nembutsu) or the invocation of Amitābha (Japanese Amida), the Buddha of infinite compassion, under the guidance of a renowned master.

He persuaded those disciples that devotion of Amitābha was not the true Buddhist doctrine, he passed to the study of Zen, which had become popular in Kamakura and Kyōto. He then went to Mount Hiei, the cradle of Tendai, where he felt the original purity of the Tendai doctrine corrupted by the introduction and acceptance of other doctrines, especially Amidism and esoteric Buddhism.[28] To eliminate any possible doubts, Nichiren decided to spend some time at Mount Kōya, the centre of Shingon Buddhism, and also in Nara, Japan's ancient capital, where he studied Risshū, which emphasized strict adherence to the Vinaya, the code of monastic discipline and ordination. During this time, he became convinced of the preeminence of the Lotus Sutra and in 1253, returned to Seichō-ji.[29]

Declaration of Nam Myoho Renge Kyo

On 28 April 1253, he expounded the public declaration of Nam Myōhō Renge Kyō for the first time. With this, he proclaimed that Buddhist devotion as the correct form of Buddhism for the current time. At the same time he changed his name to Nichiren, a portmanteau of Nichi (日 "Sun") and Ren (蓮 "Lotus").[30] He later explained this choice was rooted in passages from the Lotus Sutra.[31]

This declaration marked by all schools of Nichiren Buddhism as their cornerstone of foundation (立宗: Risshū). Nichiren began propagating his teachings in Kamakura, the capital of Japan at the time due to the Shikken or regent and the shōgun himself lived and the government was established. He gained followers there consisting of both priests and laity, which several were from among the samurai class.

Devotees claim that in 1253, Nichiren made a prediction of invasions of Japan, which was validated in 1274. Nichiren viewed his teachings as a method of efficaciously preventing this and other disasters: that the best countermeasure to these disasters were the rejection of all Buddhist practices and singularly practice the chanting of Nam Myōhō Renge Kyō as he prescribed.[32]

First remonstration to the Kamakura government

The banishment of Nichiren in 1261, whereas the disciple Nichirō wished to follow, but forbidden to do so. Tourist postcard artwork, circa 1920s.

Nichiren then engaged in writing his various works including his Template:Nihongo: "Treatise On Establishing the Correct Teaching for the Peace of the Land", his first major treatise and the first of three remonstrations with government authorities. He felt that it was imperative for "the Sovereign to recognize and accept the singly true and correct form of Buddhism (i.e., 立正: risshō) as the only way to achieve peace and prosperity for the land and its people and end their suffering (i.e., 安国: ankoku)[.]"[note 1]

Nichiren claims that this is the "true and correct form of Buddhism", with regarding the Lotus Sutra as the fullest expression of the Gautama Buddha's teachings and putting them into practice. Nichiren thought this could be achieved in Japan by withdrawing lay support so that the other disciples which he viewed as corrupt would be forced to change their ways or revert to laymen to prevent starving.

Based on apocalyptic prophecies cited in several Buddhist sutras,[33] Nichiren attributed the occurrence of the famines, disease, and natural disasters (especially drought, typhoons, and earthquakes) of his day to claims that the expired teachings of Buddhism were no longer appropriate for the time.

Nichiren submitted his treatise in 16 July 1260 to Hojo Tokiyori, the acting regent of the Kamakura shogunate. Though it drew no official response, it prompted a severe backlash from the Buddhist priests of other schools. As a result, Nichiren was frequently harassed causing him to constantly change dwellings.

As punishment, Nichiren was exiled to the Izu Peninsula in 1261, and pardoned in 1263. He was ambushed and nearly killed at Komatsubara in Awa Province in November 1264 by military forces led by Lord Tōjō Kagenobu.

Attempts at execution

After one exchange with the influential Shingon priest, Ninshō Ryōkan (良観), Nichiren was summoned for questioning by the Japanese authorities in September 1271. He used this as an opportunity to make his second government remonstration, this time to the police officer, Hei no Saemon (平の左衛門, also called 平頼綱 Taira no Yoritsuna) who summoned him to the court.

Two days later, on September 12, Hei no Saemon and a group of soldiers abducted Nichiren from his hut at Matsubagayatsu, Kamakura with the intent to arrest and behead him. He was brought to Tatsunukuchi beach in Shichirigahama for execution. According to Nichiren's account, an astronomical phenomenon — "a brilliant orb as bright as the moon" — over the execution grounds terrified Nichiren's executioners into inaction.[34] The incident is known as the Tatsunokuchi Persecution and regarded as a turning point in Nichiren's lifetime called Hosshaku kenpon (発迹顕本), translated as "casting off the transient and revealing the true",[citation needed] or "Outgrowing the provisional and revealing the essential".[35]

Second banishment and exile

Konpon Temple was built on Sado where Nichiren lived during his exile.

Unsure of what to do with Nichiren, Hei no Saemon decided to banish him to Sado, Niigata island in the Sea of Japan known for its particularly severe winters where exilers do not survive.

This second exile lasted for three years caused him poor health, which later represented one of the most important and productive segments of his life. While on Sado, he won many devoted converts and wrote two of his most important doctrinal treatises, the Kaimoku Shō (開目抄: "On the Opening of the Eyes")[36] and the Kanjin no Honzon Shō (観心本尊抄: "The Object of Devotion for Observing the Mind")[37][38] as well as numerous letters and minor treatises whose content containing critical components of his teaching.

The Gohonzon

During his 1272 exile on Sado island, Nichiren inscribed the first Gohonzon (Template:Nihongo). He inscribed several during the course of many years. In addition, more than a hundred Gohonzon preserved today are attributed to Nichiren, of which several are prominently retained by the Nichiren-shū in Yamanashi Prefecture.

Hokkekō believers claim that on October 12, 1279 he inscribed the Dai Gohonzon for all humanity after the execution of the three Atsuhara farmers.[39] The Dai Gohonzon is enshrined currently at the Tahō Fuji Dai-Nichirenge-Zan Taiseki-ji, informally known as the Head Temple Taiseki-ji of the Nichiren Shōshū Order of Buddhism, located at the foot of Mount Fuji in Fujinomiya, Shizuoka.

Return to Kamakura

Nichiren was pardoned in February 1274 and returned to Kamakura city in late March. He was again interviewed by Hei no Saemon, who became interested in Nichiren's prediction of an invasion by the Mongols. Mongol messengers demanding Japan's fealty had frightened the authorities into believing that Nichiren's prophecy of foreign invasion would materialize (which it later did in October of that year; see Mongol invasions of Japan). Nichiren, however, used the audience as yet another opportunity to remonstrate with the government.

Retirement to Mount Minobu

With the exception of a few short journeys, Nichiren spent the rest of his life at Minobu, where he and his disciples completed the Myō-hōkke-in Kuon-ji Temple (久遠寺) in 1281[40]Template:Rp, and he continued writing and training his disciples. Two of his works from this period are the Senji Shō (撰時抄: "The Selection of the Time")[41] and the Hōon Shō (報恩抄: "On Repaying Debts of Gratitude"),[42] which, along with his Risshō Ankoku Ron (立正安国論: "On Establishing the Correct Teaching for the Peace of the Land"), Kaimoku Shō ("The Opening of the Eyes"), and Kanjin no Honzon Shō ("The Object of Devotion for Observing the Mind"), constitute his Five Major Writings. He also inscribed numerous Gohonzon for bestowal upon specific disciples and lay believers.

Many of these survive today in the repositories of Nichiren temples such as Taiseki-ji (大石寺) in Fujinomiya, Shizuoka, which has a particularly large collection of scrolls that is publicly aired once a year, along with the dusting of the Dai-Gohonzon (O-mushibarai ceremony) by the High Priest of Nichiren Shoshu in April, as well as the public exposure of the statue of the master in both Mieido and Hoando buildings in November.[citation needed]

Death

Nichiren spent his final years writing, inscribing Gohonzon for his disciples and believers, and delivering sermons. In failing health, he was encouraged to travel to hot springs for their medicinal benefits. He left Minobu in the company of several disciples on September 8, 1282.

On 13 October 1282, Nichiren died in the presence of many disciples and lay believers. His funeral and cremation took place the following day. His disciples left Ikegami with Nichiren's ashes on October 21, reaching Minobu on October 25. Nichiren's original tomb is sited, as per his request, at Kuon-ji on Mount Minobu while Nichiren Shoshu claims that his disciples, the Chief Priest of Kuon-Ji temple consequently brought his ashes along with his other articles to Mount Fuji, where they are now enshrined on the left side next to the Dai Gohonzon within the Hoando storage house. [citation needed][note 2]

Development of Nichiren's teachings

Template:Main article Nichiren attributed the turmoils and disasters in society to his personal claim that the Buddhist teachings his time, including the Tendai sect in which he was ordained: "It is better to be a leper who chants Nam-myōhō-renge-kyō than be a chief abbot of the Tendai school".[43][44] Accordingly, the Kamakura period of 13th century Japan in which Nichiren was born was characterised by natural disasters, internal strife and political conflict that he attributed to the third age of Buddhism.[45]

At age 32, Nichiren began to denounce all Mahayana Buddhist schools of his time and by declaring the correct teaching as the Universal Dharma (Nam-Myōhō-Renge-Kyō) and chanting its words as the only path for both personal and social salvation.[46][47]

At the age of 51, Nichiren inscribed his own gohonzon, the object of veneration or worship in his Buddhism, "never before known", as he described it.[48]

Other contributions of Nichiren to Buddhism were the teaching of "The Five Guides of Propagation",[49] The doctrine of the Three Great Secret Dharmas[50] and the teaching of The Three Proofs[51] for verification of the validity of Buddhist doctrines. There is a difference between Nichiren teachings and almost all schools of Mahayana Buddhism regarding the understanding of the Latter day of the Law, the Mappō. Nichiren believed that the teachings of the Lotus Sutra will flourish for all eternity, and the disciples on Earth will propagate Buddhism in the future.[52]Template:Failed verification

Nichiren criticized other Buddhist schools for what he viewed as manipulations of the populace for both political and religious control. Citing various Buddhist sutras and commentaries, Nichiren claimed and argued that these Buddhist schools were distorting the religious teachings for their own gain. Furthermore, he stated in his Template:Nihongo: "Treatise On Establishing the Correct Teaching for the Peace of the Land",[note 3][53][54] his first major treatise and the first of three remonstrations with government authorities.

After Nichiren's death, his teachings were interpreted in different ways. As a result, Nichiren Buddhism encompasses several major branches and schools, each with its own doctrine and set of interpretations of Nichiren's teachings.

Writings

A section of the Risshō Ankoku Ron

Many of Nichiren's writings still exist in his original handwriting, both some as complete writings and some as remaining fragments. Other documents survive as copies made by his immediate disciples. Nichiren's existing works number over 700 manuscripts in total, including transcriptions of orally delivered lectures, letters of remonstration and illustrations.[55][56][57][58][59]

Today's Nichiren schools widely disagree which of his writings can be deemed authentic and which are apocryphal.[60] Nichiren declared that women could attain enlightenment,[61][62][63] therefore a great number of letters were addressed to female believers. Some schools within Nichiren Buddhism consider this to be a unique feature of Nichiren's teachings and have published separate volumes of those writings.[64]

In addition to treatises written in formal kanbun (漢文) Classical Chinese, Nichiren also wrote expositories and letters to disciples and lay followers in mixed-kanji–kana vernacular as well as letters in simple kana for believers who could not read the more-formal styles, particularly children.

Some of Nichiren's kanbun works, especially the Risshō Ankoku Ron, are considered exemplary of the kanbun style, while many of his letters show unusual empathy and understanding for the down-trodden of his day. Many of his most famous letters were to female believers, whom he often complimented for their in-depth questions about Buddhism while encouraging them in their efforts to attain enlightenment in this lifetime.

Selected important writings

The five major writings that are common to all Nichiren Buddhism are:[65][66][67]

  • On Establishing the Correct teaching for the Peace of the Land (Rissho Ankoku Ron) — written between 1258-1260.[68]
  • The Opening of the Eyes (Kaimoku-sho) — written in 1272.
  • The Object of Devotion for Observing the Mind (Kanjin-no Honzon-sho) — written in 1273.
  • The Selection of the Time (Senji-sho) — written in 1275.
  • On Repaying Debts of Gratitude (Ho'on-sho) — written in 1276.

Accordingly, the Taiseki-ji of the Nichiren Shōshū revere an additional set of ten major writings. Other Nichiren sects either dispute them as secondary of importance, apocryphal, or forgery:[67]

  • On Chanting the Daimoku of the Lotus Sutra (Sho-hokke Daimoku-sho) — Written in 1260.
  • On Taking the Essence of the Lotus Sutra (Hokke Shuyo-sho) — written in 1274.
  • On the Four Stages of Faith and the Five Stages of Practice (Shishin Gohon-sho) — written in 1277.
  • Letter to Shimoyama (Shimoyama Gosho-soku) — written in 1277.
  • Questions and Answers on the Object of Devotion (Honzon Mondo-sho) — written in 1278.

Writings to women

Against a backdrop of early Buddhist teachings that deny the possibility of enlightenment to women or reserve that possibility for life after death, Nichiren is highly sympathetic to women. Based on various passages from the Lotus Sutra Nichiren asserts that "Other sutras are written for men only. This sutra is for everyone." He plays particular attention to the instantaneous attainment of enlightenment of the Dragon King's daughter in the "Devadatta" (Twelfth) chapter of the Lotus Sutra. In his personal letters to women followers Nichiren displays deep concern for their fears and worries.[69]

Notes

  1. ↑ Also translated as "On Establishing the Correct Teaching for the Peace of the Land" (The Writings of Nichiren), "Establishment of the Legitimate Teaching for the Protection of the Country" (Selected Writings of Nichiren).
  2. ↑ "please build my grave on Mount Minobu, because that is where is where I spent nine years reciting the Lotus Sutra to my heart's content. My heart lives forever on Mount Minobu" (Montgomery, Daniel [1991]. Fire in the Lotus, The Dynamic Religion of Nichiren, London: Dai Gohonzon, Template:ISBN, page 144 [Hakii-dono Gosho, Shingyo Hikkei, 105])
  3. ↑ Also translated as "On Establishing the Correct Teaching for the Peace of the Land" (The Writings of Nichiren), "Establishment of the Legitimate Teaching for the Protection of the Country" (Selected Writings of Nichiren), and others.

References

  1. ↑ "Otanjo-E: Celebrating Nichiren's Birthday". Otanjo-E ceremony. NICHIREN SHOSHU MYOSHINJI TEMPLE. 2016.
  2. ↑ "Significant SGI Dates" (PDF). VeryPDF Software. VeryPDF Software.
  3. ↑ Arai, Nissatsu (1893). Outlines of the Doctrine of the Nichiren Sect: With the Life of Nichiren, the Founder of the Nichiren Sect. Harvard University: Central Office of the Nichiren Sect. pp. iii.
  4. ↑ Reeves, Gene (2008). The Lotus sutra : a contemporary translation of a Buddhist classic. Boston: Wisdom Publications. p. 8. ISBN 9780861719877. OCLC 645422021.
  5. ↑ Petzold, Bruno, (1995). The classification of Buddhism = Bukkyō kyōhan : comprising the classification of Buddhist doctrines in India, China and Japan 1873-1949. Hanayama, Shinshō, 1898-1995., Ichimura, Shōhei, 1929-, 花山, 信勝(1898-1995). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 609–610. ISBN 3447033738. OCLC 34220855.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Lopez, Donald S., Jr., (2016). The Lotus Sūtra : a biography. Princeton. p. 77. ISBN 9781400883349. OCLC 959534116. Among all of the preachers of the dharma of the Lotus Sutra over the past two thousand years, there has been no one like Nichiren. In the long history of the sutra in Japan, he is the most famous--and the most infamous.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Rodd, Laurel Rasplica (1995). Ian Philip, McGreal (ed.). Great thinkers of the Eastern world : the major thinkers and the philosophical and religious classics of China, India, Japan, Korea, and the world of Islam (1st ed ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 327. ISBN 0062700855. OCLC 30623569. |edition= has extra text (help)
  8. ↑ Jack Arden Christensen, Nichiren: Leader of Buddhist Reformation in Japan, Jain Pub, page 48, Template:ISBN
  9. ↑ Jacqueline Stone, "The Final Word: An Interview with Jacqueline Stone", Tricycle, Spring 2006
  10. ↑ Stone, Jaqueline (2003). Nichiren, in: Buswell, Robert E. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Buddhism vol. II, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib. Template:ISBN, p. 594
  11. ↑ Shuxian Liu,Robert Elliott Allinson, Harmony and Strife: Contemporary Perspectives, East & West, The Chinese University Press, Template:ISBN
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Nichiren Buddhism". About.com. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
  13. ↑ Iida, Shotara (1987). "Nichiren 700 years later". Modernity and religion. Nicholls, W. (editor). Waterloo, Ont: Published for the Canadian Corp. for Studies in Religion/Corporation canadienne des Sciences religeuses by Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 99. ISBN 9780889201545. OCLC 244765387. Lay summary.
  14. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  15. ↑ Fremerman, Sarah. "Letters of Nichiren". Tricycle: The Buddhist Review. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  16. ↑ Matsunaga,, Daigan.; Matsunage, Alicia (1974). Foundation of Japanese Buddhism. Los Angeles: Buddhist Books International. p. 156. ISBN 0914910256. OCLC 1121328.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  17. ↑ Eliot, Charles (1935). Japanese Buddhism 1862-1931. Parlett, Harold G. (Harold George), Sir, 1869-, Sansom, George Bailey, Sir, 1883-1965. Richmond, Surry: Curzon Press. p. 421. ISBN 0700702636. OCLC 28567705.
  18. ↑ "Original Buddha". Nichiren Buddhism Library. Soka Gakkai.
  19. ↑ "True Buddha". Nichiren Buddhism Library. Soka Gakkai.
  20. ↑ "Latter Day of the Law". Nichiren Buddhism Library. Soka Gakkai.
  21. ↑ "Conversion of Chinese Lunar Calendar - Gregorian Calendar". asia-home.com.
  22. ↑ Robert S. Ellwood, Introducing Japanese religion,Routledge, Template:ISBN
  23. ↑ "The Writings of Nichiren I, SGI 2006 pp, 202: Banishment to Sado". Sgilibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
  24. ↑ Hori, Kyotsu (1995). Nyonin Gosho: Letters Addressed to Female Followers. Nichiren-shu Overseas Propagation Promotion Association. p. 182.
  25. ↑ Anesaki, Masaharu, Nichiren, the Buddhist prophet, Cambridge : Harvard University Press (1916), p.13
  26. ↑ Jacqueline I. Stone: Review: Biographical Studies of Nichiren, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 26/3-4, pp. 443-444, 1999
  27. ↑ The Gosho Translation Committee: The Writings of Nichiren, Volume I, Soka Gakkai, 2006. Template:ISBN, introduction p. XXV
  28. ↑ Anesaki, Masaharu, Nichiren, the Buddhist prophet, Cambridge : Harvard University Press (1916), p.17
  29. ↑ Jack Arden Christensen, Nichiren: Leader of Buddhist Reformation in Japan, Jain Pub , Page 44, Template:ISBN
  30. ↑ Anesaki, Masaharu, Nichiren, the Buddhist prophet, Cambridge : Harvard University Press (1916), p.34
  31. ↑ Khoon Choy Lee , Japan: Between Myth and Reality, World Scientific Pub Co, page 104,Template:ISBN
  32. ↑ Harvey, 167
  33. ↑ Konkomyo Sutra, Daijuku Sutra, Ninno Sutra, Yakushi Sutra, Lotus Sutra and Nirvana Sutra
  34. ↑ "The Writings of Nichiren", p. 767
  35. ↑ Template:Harv
  36. ↑ "The Writings of Nichiren I, SGI 2006, pp. 220-298: The Opening of the Eyes". Sgilibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
  37. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Two Nichiren Texts
  38. ↑ "The Writings of Nichiren I, SGI 2006, pp. 354-382: The Object of Devotion for Observing the Mind". Sgilibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
  39. ↑ Causton, Richard: "Buddha in Daily Life, An Introduction to the Buddhism of Nichiren", Random House 2011, p. 241 Template:ISBN
  40. ↑ Christensen, Jack Arden (2001). Nichiren : leader of Buddhist reformation in Japan. Fremont, Calif.: Jain Publishing Co. ISBN 9780875730868. OCLC 43030590. Lay summary.
  41. ↑ "The Writings of Nichiren I, SGI 2006, pp. 538-594: The Selection of the Time". Sgilibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
  42. ↑ "SGI The Writings of Nichiren I, SGI 2006, pp. 41-47: The Four Debts of Gratitude". Sgilibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
  43. ↑ Template:Harv
  44. ↑ Template:Harv
  45. ↑ Template:Harv
  46. ↑ The Essence of Nichiren Shu Buddhism, SanJose Temple, page 81/Template:ISBN
  47. ↑ "The Writings of Nichiren I, SGI 2006, pp. 3-5: On Attaining Buddhahood in This Lifetime". Sgilibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
  48. ↑ "The Real Aspect of the Gohonzon". Nichiren Buddhism Library. Soka Gakkai.
  49. ↑ "The Writings of Nichiren I, SGI 2006, p. 77: Encouragement of a Sick Person". Sgilibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
  50. ↑ The Essence of Nichiren Shu Buddhism, SanJose Temple, page 84/Template:ISBN
  51. ↑ "The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism 2002: Three proofs". Sgilibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
  52. ↑ Asai Endō (1968; translated 1999). Nichiren's View of Humanity: The Final Dharma Age and the Three Thousand Realms in One Thought-Moment, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 26 (3-4), 239-240. See also "The Writings of Nichiren I, SGI 2006, p. 437 Rebuking Slander of the Law". Sgilibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06., "The Writings of Nichiren I, SGI 2006, p. 736: On Repaying Depts of Gratitude". Sgilibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06. and "The Writings of Nichiren I, SGI 2006, p. 903: The Teaching for the Latter Day". Sgilibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06..
  53. ↑ Writings of Nichiren, Doctrine I, page 105-155
  54. ↑ "Living Rissho Ankoku Ron Commentary by Rev. Ryuei". Nichirenscoffeehouse.net. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
  55. ↑ Burton Watson and the Gosho Translation Committee: The Writings of Nichiren, Volume I, Soka Gakkai, 2006. Template:ISBN
  56. ↑ Burton Watson and the Gosho Translation Committee: The Writings of Nichiren, Volume II, Soka Gakkai, 2006. Template:ISBN
  57. ↑ Kyotsu Hori (transl.): Writings of Nichiren, Doctrine Vol. 1-6, University of Hawai'i Press, 2003-2010
  58. ↑ Jacqueline I. Stone, Some disputed writings in the Nichiren corpus: Textual, hermeneutical and historical problems, dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1990 PDF (21 MB) retrieved 07/26/2013
  59. ↑ Sueki Fumehiko: Nichirens Problematic Works, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 26/3-4, 261-280, 1999
  60. ↑ Listing of Authenticated Gosho (Goibun) of Nichiren
  61. ↑ Kurihara, Toshie. 2003. "A History of Women in Japanese Buddhism: Nichiren's Perspectives on the Enlightenment of Women." The Journal of Oriental Studies, vol. 13. p.94 [1] Template:Webarchive
  62. ↑ Oguri, Junko. 1987. Nyonin ojo: Nihon-shi ni miru onna no sukui (Women's Capacity to Be Reborn in the Pure Land: Women's Salvation in Japanese History). Jimbun Shoin, p. 122. See also: Oguri, Junko. 1984. "Views on Women's Salvation in Japanese Buddhism" in Young East 10/1, pp 3-11.
  63. ↑ [2](WND, p.385)
  64. ↑ Nyonin Gosho, Letters Addressed to Female Followers, Translated by Nichiren Shu Overseas Ministers in North America, Edited and Compiled by Kyotsu Hori, published 1995 by Nichiren Shu Overseas Propagation Promotion Association
  65. ↑ Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism, Soka Gakkai, "Five Major Writings"
  66. ↑ Dharma Flower, Ryuei Michael McCormick (2000), p. 156: "The five most important works of Nichiren. The five major writings are: Rissho ankoku ron (Treatise on Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Dharma), Kaimoku sho (Open Your Eyes), Kanjin no honzon sho (Spiritual Contemplation and the Focus of Devotion), Senji sho (Selecting the Right Time), and Ho'on sho (Recompense of Indebtedness)."
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism, Soka Gakkai, "Ten Major Writings".
  68. ↑ Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism, Soka Gakkai, "Rissho Ankoku Ron".
  69. ↑ Template:Cite journal

Bibliography

English translations of Nichiren's writings

  • The Major Writings of Nichiren. Soka Gakkai, Tokyo, 1999.
  • Heisei Shimpen Dai-Nichiren Gosho (平成新編　大日蓮御書: "Heisei new compilation of Nichiren's writings"), Taisekiji, 1994.
  • The Writings of Nichiren, Volume I, Burton Watson and the Gosho Translation Committee. Soka Gakkai, 2006, Template:ISBN.
  • The Writings of Nichiren, Volume II, Burton Watson and the Gosho Translation Committee. Soka Gakkai, 2006, Template:ISBN.
  • The Record of the Orally Transmitted Teachings, Burton Watson, trans. Soka Gakkai, 2005, Template:ISBN.
  • Writings of Nichiren, Chicago, Middleway Press, 2013, The Opening of the Eyes.[1]
  • Writings of Nichiren, Doctrine 1, University of Hawai'i Press, 2003, Template:ISBN.
  • Writings of Nichiren, Doctrine 2, University of Hawai'i Press, 2002, Template:ISBN.
  • Writings of Nichiren, Doctrine 3, University of Hawai'i Press, 2004, Template:ISBN.
  • Writings of Nichiren, Doctrine 4, University of Hawai'i Press, 2007, Template:ISBN.
  • Writings of Nichiren, Doctrine 5, University of Hawai'i Press, 2008, Template:ISBN.
  • Writings of Nichiren, Doctrine 6, University of Hawai'i Press, 2010, Template:ISBN.
  • Letters of Nichiren, Burton Watson et al., trans.; Philip B. Yampolsky, ed. Columbia University Press, 1996 Template:ISBN.
  • Selected Writings of Nichiren, Burton Watson et al., trans.; Philip B. Yampolsky, ed. Columbia University, Press, 1990,Template:ISBN.

External links

Template:Buddhist Pantheon Template:Buddhism topics

Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Daisaku Ikeda (2013). "The Opening of the Eyes : Commentaries on the Writings of Nichiren". WorldCat library. Chicago : Middleway Press.
Retrieved from "https://publictestwiki.com/wiki/User:SA_13_Bro/sandbox?oldid=7744"